Post War Japan and Asia 1945-1951
In eastern Asia, the end of the war brought a long period of turmoil. In the European colonies occupied by Japan, liberation movements were established–some strongly Communist in outlook. In Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaya, wars were fought against the colonial powers as well as between rival factions.
The messy aftermath of war precipitated the final crisis of the old European imperialism; by the early 1950s, most of Southeast Asia was independent. In Burma and India, Britain could not maintain its presence. India was divided into two states in 1947, India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim), and Burma was granted independence a year later.
Japan was not restored to full sovereignty until after the San Francisco Treaty was signed on September 8, 1951. The emperor was retained, but the military was emasculated and a parliamentary regime had been installed. Japanese prewar possessions were divided up. Manchuria was restored to China in 1946 (though only after the Soviet Union had removed more than half the industrial equipment left behind by the Japanese). Taiwan was returned to Chinese control. Korea was occupied jointly by the Soviet Union and the United States, and two independent states — one Communist, one democratic — were established there in 1948.
The most unstable area remained China, where the prewar conflict between Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists and the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong was resumed on a large scale in 1945.
After four years of warfare, the Nationalist forces were defeated and Chiang withdrew to the island of Taiwan. The People’s Republic of China was declared in 1949, and a long program of rural reform and industrialization was set in motion. The victory of Chinese communism encouraged Stalin to allow the Communist regime in North Korea to embark on war against the South in the belief that America lacked the commitment for another military conflict.
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when the troops of Kim Il Sung crossed the 38th parallel, the agreed-upon border between the two states. By this stage, the international order had begun to solidify into two heavily armed camps.
In 1949 the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb. That same year, the U.S. helped organize a defensive pact, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), to link the major Western states together for possible armed action against the Communist threat.
By 1951 Chinese forces were engaged in the Korean conflict, exacerbating concerns that another world war — this time with nuclear weapons — might become a reality. The optimism of 1945 had, in only half a decade, given way to renewed fears that international anarchy and violence might be the normal condition of the modern world.
Click on images to enlarge.
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Military Humor – Saturday Evening Post style –
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Farewell Salutes –
Dustin B. Ard – Idaho Falls, ID; US Army, Afghanistan, Sgt. 1st Class, 2nd Batt/1st Special Forces, KIA
Arthur Bruce – High Point, NC; US Army, WWII / US Navy, Korea
Glen Coup – Akron, OH; US Army, 101st Airborne Division
Luis Deleon-Figueroa – Chicopee, MA; US Army, Afghanistan, MSgt., 7th Special Forces Group, KIA
Roy Ellefson – Barnesville, WA; US Army Air Corps, WWII, ETO, Sgt., 9T/8th Air Force
Henry Fager Jr. – Wichita, KS; US Army, WWII, 2nd Lt.
Jose Gonzalez – La Puente, CA; US Army, Afghanistan, MSgt., 7th Special Forces Group, KIA
Paul Manos – Laurel, MD; US Army Air Corps, WWII, PTO, 11th Airborne Division
R. Patrick Stivers – St. Matthews, KY; US Army, WWII & Korea
Leonard Stokes – Nelson, NZ; RNZ Army # 4211953, WWII
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Posted on September 2, 2019, in Korean War, WWII and tagged 1940's, Cold War, History, Japan, Military, Military History, Pacific, Pacific War, veterans, WW2, WWII. Bookmark the permalink. 129 Comments.
Worth using on your blog…
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🙂
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Might be of interest GP… https://youtu.be/TyswklkPlM4
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Thank you very much, Pierre! I will HAVE TO make a new post for their landing at Atsugi. I thought I had looked for a video months ago, but darned if I could locate one – leave it to you to save the day as always!! Thanks for being such a wonderful friend!
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I just got lucky I guess…
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And you’re modest too!!
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I really was lucky GP… but you are right… I am modest.
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Always an education her, GP. We didn’t learn this stuff in school.
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Isn’t THAT the truth!!
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Excellent post, GP.
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Thank you, Jennie. People learn about the war and then treat it all as ‘over with’ after the bombs went off. History continued on…..
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Yes, that is exactly how people perceive war. We are so lucky that war has been on foreign soil, except for our own Civil War. Unfortunately, that means people outside of the military don’t truly understand.
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Exactly. Many tend to forget that we are actually at war right now. They’re too concerned with their own petty gripes.
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Exactly! When the war is far away, people don’t really care, and that’s sad.
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Yes, I agree.
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Still lovin’ your blog, GP!
Our Heroes Rock!
Hugs,
Tamara
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There are none better!! Thank you.
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I think that was the ending of the old European imperialism and the start of a new era for many countries at that time, particularly India and Pakistan, although this subject is being raised anew, much along the lines we are seeing with China and Hong Kong. Thanks for some enjoyable posts looking back into history tonight gp, cheers.
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WWII events and results are still affecting us today – some people can’t see it, but you have – as I knew you would!!
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Another great article Sir, I am going to reblog this one and a couple of others that I have read today. I always enjoy your history lessons you teach in your articles.
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Thank you very much. I don’t know why I have so much trouble trying to ‘Like’ your posts and comment over there. But please know I do appreciate you sharing this information.
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Who made the decision to split India into two The British or the Indian governments or the Americans and why? Were most people there living in divided neighbourhoods? Was their internal fighting between religions? We’re not taught about this so thank you for educating me.
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I was all about religion. The Muslims wanted their own country – hence the creation and turmoil of Pakistan and India.
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It really is astonishing how quickly turmoil returned after WWII. Obviously, there were regimes and leaders who were willing to use the post-war period for their own purposes, but the speed with which some of those events happened is remarkable. I do remember that the phrase “police action” was commonly used when I was a kid. I wonder now whether it might have been that reluctance to acknowledge the reality of another war.
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The US says that a ‘conflict’ is not a war unless Congress votes that we did indeed declare war. Congress has not declared war since Pearl Harbor (have they agreed on anything since Pearl Harbor?)
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…and the wars go on!
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Sadly – they do.
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It’s really fascinating to look at this and who our gre atest enemies, allies, and (for lack of a better word) neither… and the relationships they have today with us and the rest of the world. Thanks for another marvelous, insightful post, GP.
I’m glad to know you’re now safe from Dorian. Although I’m sure there are still some problems in his wake. Hugs on the wing!
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Thanks for coming by, Teagan. And yes, now we need to watch that storm for our GA, SC and NC friends – there are so many mandatory evacuations!!
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Great information…. Thanks for posting!
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My pleasure.
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The OSS warned Harry Truman that North Korea would attack South Korea if he removed US troops there. He did it anyway, and the result was the Korean War.
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Does that surprise you? Many of the higher ranking military leaders warned D.C. about entering any situation in Korea or Indochina, but since when do politicians listen to sound advice?
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Thanks as always for the history lesson, G. Too bad it only took five years for the post WWII euphoria to wear off. Hope the hurricane heads north instead of west. Our son Tony is now out in the Bahamas coordinating Coast Guard rescue efforts. Our cousins who live in the Bahamas seem to have weathered the storm. Again. –Curt
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I’m glad everyone is safe!! That’s the important part. As you know, the storm not only turned north, but it started to fall apart. We sure did dodge a bullet there! Now, today I’ll spend all my time putting things back where they belong. Better safe than sorry – that’s for sure! Tell Tony that I’m thinking about him out there and Thank You!
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Tony says the devastation is unbelievable, G.
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After talking with you, I got off line and my news was showing pictures of it – He sure isn’t exaggerating!
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Most of the early news reports were taken from helicopters Tony was directing, G. –Curt
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They are doing an amazing job!!
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Reblogged this on John Cowgill's Literature Site.
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Thank you, John.
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You are welcome.
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Excellent history lesson, GP. I find it unfathomable that after all the global waste of life from WWII, that anyone would have the energy to fight five years later in the Korean War.
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If you recall the history (I know you’re too young to remember first-hand), it was a UN “Police Action”, not even considered a war at the time – except by the soldiers, sailors and Marines fighting in it.
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Oh, yes, I know that. I remember growing up hearing the complaints about how it was classified. Now, I thought, enough time has gone by where it’s understood it was a war. I’ll call it Korean Conflict, if you want. 😉 ]
Have you seen the memorial of it at the Mall in DC? Really captivating. I thought it was beautiful.
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Oh, I hope I didn’t make you misunderstand me. I certainly felt it was a war, just as Vietnam was and whatever they tend to call our “conflicts” of today. Troops die – to me it’s a WAR.
That memorial is magnificent, but they deserve even more recognition. We are losing those veterans at an alarming rate too.
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Yes. My step-dad passed three years ago. I am going to include his experience in my upcoming third book. The Korean Conflict got the shaft with their place in the history books.
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Most definitely!!
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GP, I’ve been following for a few years now and I’ve enjoyed our voyage. I know we don’t see eye to eye of some things but that isn’t all that important. At the moment I am researching a topic that is about the Australian “Soldiers’ Settlement Scheme” which was started to help returned soldiers settle on farms. There were two schemes; one after WWI and a similar one after WWII. Now I know about the GI Bill but our scheme was focused on developing farming opportunities. Is there anything similar in the US? There are differences between the first war and the second war programmes. But I am trying to get an American comparison.
Sorry if this is a bit long. Have a shot of Jim and take your time.
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I’ll look into it, Paol. I’m hoping I keep power up today (I’m in the midst of a hurricane). I’ll get back with you soon.
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Thanks GP. There is no hurry. It is just a new hunt I am on.
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Sounds like a sound idea. Maybe my research will create a new post? 🙂
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Quite possibly.
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Millions died in the partition of India in 1947. Hindu and Muslim had lived together peacefully for years but Muhammad Ali Jinnah insisted on a separate Muslim state for followers of that religion. The subsequent exodus of millions of Muslims across India to Pakistan and Bangladesh cost the lives of huge numbers of innocent people of both religions.
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Thank you for including that information, John! There’s always someone who thinks they know better – and he ends up causing a war or innocent deaths because of it, eh?
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Excellent post. This connected a few dots for me. The only question I still have is how did Taiwan end up a British colony?
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It is complicated between ownership by Japan until 1951, the ROC government, China claiming ownership and the UK only recognizing the Taiwan government. I can understand your confusion !!
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My Dad was still listed on the reserve in 1950. He received notification to register at a local barracks, and felt sure he would end up in Korea. But because he was just over 30, and married, he was put at the back of the queue. Fortunately, he didn’t have to go.
Sadly, many inexperienced National Service conscripts did have to go, and many were killed.
Best wishes, Pete.
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Very true. My father was on reserve as well, but also 36 and married – I was on the way.
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Great summary of what was going on in the Far East after the end of WWII. It seems like we go from one war to another war and most people only talk about WWII. A friend of us just died who fought in the Korean War. He never talked about his war. Maybe because he was overshadowed by most of his contemporaries who fought in WWII. Hope someday we don’t have to send our boys to fight for other countries.
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We always will. We have this desire to police the world and get into everyone’s problems. Yet it’s our sons and daughters who pay the price.
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Is it because men’s nature is always to conquer? Throughout history that’s always the case. Stay safe GP. I see Dorian is heading your way soon.
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I would say yes, in the past, but now – it seems to be the liberal chant of giving away everything to everybody except U.S. hard working citizens. (sorry about the rant, but that’s how I feel).
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I feel the same way about the liberals. They are all crazies. I hope Twitter does not ban me for all my comments there.
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I am not a Twitter person, but of all I hear about on it – I would be proud if they banned me.
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Take care – Dorian is falling apart right now, but you never know about these storms!!
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Waiting is the worst. It’s sunny here right now but I have secured all my pots and outside furniture. No matter what, I’m staying put. Too complicated to evacuate with Matt’s dialysis supplies. Take care.
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I am good and in the clear. Dorian shouldn’t be too much of a problem for you by the time it travels – maybe it’ll just fall apart and drift away.
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Listening to the news scares people in my neighborhood which makes me nervous. Hope you’re right. I have a huge tree outside my back patio which is worrisome during a storm.
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Then that tree needs to be trimmed when you get the chance. The tree will grow back, but the damage it is capable of doing to you will not.
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I agree. Young Matt’s parking spot is close to it so he has to move his car someplace else when there is a storm. But it gives a nice shade during the summer heat.
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It is headed right for you, I hope things are all set at your home.
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The Soviet Union blew an atom bomb in 1949? So it’s true, and not a vicious imperialist propaganda piece? I am being facetious, of course, GP. We were inundated and brainwashed, as you know. Same goes for the situation in Kurili Islands and the American involvement in Korea. I am grateful to you for telling the truth and filling in details for me.
Happy Labor Day, dear friend!
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Any time, Dolly. If you have any questions, fire away. If I don’t know the answers I’ll try to locate someone who does.
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You are such a wealth of information, GP; a wonderful resource!
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I try, Dolly, but if I don’t know an answer for someone, I try to find someone who does – that way we both learn.
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Absolutely!
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War and conflict is the only constant down here. But we have every right to fight for our freedom.
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Yes, you do!!
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This points out how close together those wars were. That’s frightening. I like the comics, too. I have pictures of my daughter silhouetted against a Cruiser background. Yeah, she runs it!
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Yes, it sure didn’t take long for the ‘new’ China to try out its new-found strength, eh?
Yeah – but your daughter actually does. I find it hard to believe the Swabby does. 🙂
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The world was certainly changed forever
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Most certainly. Yet there are those who still can’t see it.
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Afraid do
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Excellent post, GP. A complex situation in Asia after WWII
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One I still don’t think we fully understood. Thanks, John.
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I agree.
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Reblogged this on depolreablesunite.
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Thank you, Rick!
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Thanks to my father’s interest in world affairs I was aware of the post war developments…particularly the case if Vietnam.
I do wonder where we are heading now….as there seems to be a lot of coat trailing going on.
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We seem to be stuck in purgatory somewhere. IMO
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Oh your sharing is such a gift
Read: http://www.sheilaclapkin.com
>
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I follow your site, but you haven’t written for a long time. You should share your talent more.
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Once they take off the uniforms, people generally get along so well. Too bad governments haven’t learned how to do that.
The battle between democracy and totalitarianism that erupted in post the WWII era seems to have intensified recently as Russia and China expand their influence and America retreats from its core values. The existence of democracy anywhere is a threat to totalitarian governments everywhere. The US used to be where dictators would be rebuked and people seeking human rights and freedom could count on for support. These days its the dictators (except Venezuela and Cuba) and leaders with anti-democratic tendencies who our President expresses admiration for.
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Despite not being a politician, I think our Pres. is a bit cagier than people give him credit for. If we weren’t still fighting for others’ freedom and democracy, why have we been in Afghanistan for 17 years, no sign of leaving any time soon and why did we lose 3 very special men in combat this week? Why are we in so many countries, based to protect,that I can’t even guesstimate how many?
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The end or the beginning?
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Exactly! You definitely see the point of this article, Michael.
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Excellent background information on the Asian postwar theatre, GP! Having grown up in Germany, I was fully familiar with the communist threat to Western Europe. Eastern Europe was already under Stalin’s rule in 1945. Little did I know about the developments in the Far East.
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An awful lot of our military were in Europe because you were not alone in your opinion. See, even after all that time in the Pacific, how many in D.C. took the time to understand the Oriental cultures?
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And life in the US went merrily on in the 50’s as if the war in Korea wasn’t happening. I wasn’t born until it was over, but when adults spoke of war, they always meant WWII.
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I think they still do at times – or Vietnam now that those veterans are aging. I have a book titled “Where Ya Been, Mac” that expresses the feelings then. After the Great Depression and then WWII, no one wanted to know about the ‘police action’ going on in another country they barely heard of.
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Thank you for another great history lesson, GP! At school we really learned nothing about it, and at unversity – i had political science too – was only a very small look on the AP-area. This posting a very sneaky military humor too. Lol Best wishes, Michael
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Not many did learn much about Korea, Michael. No one wanted to hear about another war by then!
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Yes, this could be an explaination. Thank you, GP! Best wishes, Michael
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Also, the French finally left Vietnam in the 1950s, leading to what eventually became the Vietnam War.
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Exactly!!
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Good summary, GP. I wonder if the current international world situation is finally migrating past the post-WWII period (eg NATO). Internationally, WWII spelled the end of European colonialism and lead to the rise of the Civil Right movement int he the U.S. You can’t ask people to fight for you without giving them a reason that means something to them.
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Everyone is out for Number 1 these days.
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Amen, GP. And people that wanted freedom and/or equality I think, were striving for the greater good and not just themselves.
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Thank you for your update on the history in that part if of the world. We in Europe didn’t learn too much about it in school though I had a very talented and engaged teacher. He sparked my interest in history
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You were one of the lucky ones. I’ve had a few people spark my interest, but that may be because my father knew what to look for.
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“international anarchy and violence might be the normal condition of the modern world.” well that’s still the case sadly. We never learn.
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You said it!!!
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Complicated history with Korea and China, then and now! Thank you for summing it up so well.
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A very short summary, eh? 🙂 Thanks for stopping in!!
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A good summary of the post war Pacific and transition to modern issues. The war shattered the myth of European invincibility and gave many SE Asian countries the confidence for self rule. We see the last vestiges of this playing out in Hong Kong today, where residents hope to retain benefits learned from their once colonial masters.
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To be honest, I am surprised that Hong Kong took so long to explode. I always felt something might erupt after the UK gave the island back to China.
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I remember the uneasy feeling I had when hearing about it 22 years ago
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Ah-ha, you felt it too, eh?!
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I knew what kind of atrocities communist China had done to their people from the very start
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Too bad the politicians couldn’t figure it all out!! Thanks for reading here, Maria!
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You are a very talented writer GP Cox
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Far from a pro, Maria, but thanks!
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Such an amazing amount of turmoil. An important period to remember because the effects of that turmoil are still with us.
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At least Japan and the US became friends. I’m not so sure about the loyalty of Europe.
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Huge info captured to concise few paragraphs. Thanks much!
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It was such a large undertaking, skimming has to be done. Thanks for reading it.
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Thank you, Ian!
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